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28.2 Finding Roots

Octave can find the roots of a given polynomial. This is done by computing the companion matrix of the polynomial (see the compan function for a definition), and then finding its eigenvalues.

: r = roots (c) ¶

Compute the roots of the polynomial c.

For a vector c with N components, return the roots of the polynomial

c(1) * x^(N-1) + … + c(N-1) * x + c(N)

As an example, the following code finds the roots of the quadratic polynomial

p(x) = x^2 - 5.

c = [1, 0, -5];
roots (c)
⇒  2.2361
⇒ -2.2361

Note that the true result is +/- sqrt(5) which is roughly +/- 2.2361.

See also: poly, compan, fzero.

: z = polyeig (C0, C1, …, Cl) ¶

: [v, z] = polyeig (C0, C1, …, Cl) ¶

Solve the polynomial eigenvalue problem of degree l.

Given an nxn matrix polynomial

C(s) = C0 + C1 s + … + Cl s^l

polyeig solves the eigenvalue problem

(C0 + C1 z + … + Cl z^l) v = 0.

Note that the eigenvalues z are the zeros of the matrix polynomial. z is a row vector with n*l elements. v is a matrix (n x n*l) with columns that correspond to the eigenvectors.

See also: eig, eigs, compan.

: A = compan (c) ¶

Compute the companion matrix corresponding to polynomial coefficient vector c.

The companion matrix is

     _                                                        _
    |  -c(2)/c(1)   -c(3)/c(1)  …  -c(N)/c(1)  -c(N+1)/c(1)  |
    |       1            0      …       0             0      |
    |       0            1      …       0             0      |
A = |       .            .      .         .             .      |
    |       .            .       .        .             .      |
    |       .            .        .       .             .      |
    |_      0            0      …       1             0     _|

The eigenvalues of the companion matrix are equal to the roots of the polynomial.

See also: roots, poly, eig.

: [multp, idxp] = mpoles (p) ¶

: [multp, idxp] = mpoles (p, tol) ¶

: [multp, idxp] = mpoles (p, tol, reorder) ¶

Identify unique poles in p and their associated multiplicity.

By default, the output is ordered from the pole with the largest magnitude to the smallest magnitude.

Two poles are considered to be multiples if the difference between them is less than the relative tolerance tol.

abs (p1 - p0) / abs (p0) < tol

If the pole is 0 then no scaling is done and tol is interpreted as an absolute tolerance. The default value for tol is 0.001.

If the optional parameter reorder is false/zero, poles are not sorted.

The output multp is a vector specifying the multiplicity of the poles. multp(n) refers to the multiplicity of the Nth pole p(idxp(n)).

For example:

p = [2 3 1 1 2];
[m, n] = mpoles (p)
   ⇒ m = [1; 1; 2; 1; 2]
   ⇒ n = [2; 5; 1; 4; 3]
   ⇒ p(n) = [3, 2, 2, 1, 1]

See also: residue, poly, roots, conv, deconv.