Top (GNU Octave (version 6.3.0))

GNU Octave (version 6.3.0)

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.

This manual documents how to run, install and port GNU Octave, as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to report bugs. It corresponds to GNU Octave version 6.3.0.


• Preface
• Introduction		A brief introduction to Octave.
• Getting Started
• Data Types
• Numeric Data Types
• Strings
• Data Containers
• Variables
• Expressions
• Evaluation
• Statements		Looping and program flow control.
• Functions and Scripts
• Errors and Warnings
• Debugging
• Input and Output
• Plotting
• Matrix Manipulation
• Arithmetic
• Linear Algebra
• Vectorization and Faster Code Execution
• Nonlinear Equations
• Diagonal and Permutation Matrices
• Sparse Matrices
• Numerical Integration
• Differential Equations
• Optimization
• Statistics
• Sets
• Polynomial Manipulations
• Interpolation
• Geometry
• Signal Processing
• Image Processing
• Audio Processing
• Object Oriented Programming
• GUI Development
• System Utilities
• Packages
• External Code Interface
• Test and Demo Functions
• Obsolete Functions
• Trouble		If you have trouble installing Octave.
• Installation		How to configure, compile and install Octave.
• Grammar and Parser
• Copying		The GNU General Public License.
• Concept Index		An item for each concept.
• Function Index		An item for each documented function.
• Operator Index		An item for each documented operator.
• Graphics Properties Index		An item for each graphics object property.
— The Detailed Node Listing — Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Citing Octave in Publications
• How You Can Contribute to Octave
• Distribution
Introduction
• Running Octave
• Simple Examples
• Conventions
Conventions
• Fonts
• Evaluation Notation
• Printing Notation
• Error Messages
• Format of Descriptions
Format of Descriptions
• A Sample Function Description
• A Sample Command Description
Getting Started
• Invoking Octave from the Command Line
• Quitting Octave
• Getting Help
• Command Line Editing
• Errors
• Executable Octave Programs
• Comments
Invoking Octave from the Command Line
• Command Line Options
• Startup Files
Command Line Editing
• Cursor Motion
• Killing and Yanking
• Commands for Text
• Commands for Completion
• Commands for History
• Customizing readline
• Customizing the Prompt
• Diary and Echo Commands
Executable Octave Programs
• Passing Arguments to Executable Scripts
• Dual-Purpose Executable Scripts and Octave Functions
Comments
• Single Line Comments
• Block Comments
• Comments and the Help System
Data Types
• Built-in Data Types
• User-defined Data Types
• Object Sizes
Built-in Data Types
• Numeric Objects
• Missing Data
• String Objects
• Data Structure Objects
• Cell Array Objects
Numeric Data Types
• Matrices
• Ranges
• Single Precision Data Types
• Integer Data Types
• Bit Manipulations
• Logical Values
• Promotion and Demotion of Data Types
• Predicates for Numeric Objects
Matrices
• Empty Matrices
Integer Data Types
• Integer Arithmetic
Strings
• Escape Sequences in String Constants
• Character Arrays
• Creating Strings
• Comparing Strings
• Manipulating Strings
• String Conversions
• Character Class Functions
Creating Strings
• Concatenating Strings
• Converting Numerical Data to Strings
Data Containers
• Structures
• containers.Map
• Cell Arrays
• Comma Separated Lists
Structures
• Basic Usage and Examples
• Structure Arrays
• Creating Structures
• Manipulating Structures
• Processing Data in Structures
Cell Arrays
• Basic Usage of Cell Arrays
• Creating Cell Arrays
• Indexing Cell Arrays
• Cell Arrays of Strings
• Processing Data in Cell Arrays
Comma Separated Lists
• Comma Separated Lists Generated from Cell Arrays
• Comma Separated Lists Generated from Structure Arrays
Variables
• Global Variables
• Persistent Variables
• Status of Variables
Expressions
• Index Expressions
• Calling Functions
• Arithmetic Ops
• Comparison Ops
• Boolean Expressions
• Assignment Ops
• Increment Ops
• Operator Precedence
Index Expressions
• Advanced Indexing
Calling Functions
• Call by Value
• Recursion
• Access via Handle
Boolean Expressions
• Element-by-element Boolean Operators
• Short-circuit Boolean Operators
Evaluation
• Calling a Function by its Name
• Evaluation in a Different Context
Statements
• The if Statement
• The switch Statement
• The while Statement
• The do-until Statement
• The for Statement
• The break Statement
• The continue Statement
• The unwind_protect Statement
• The try Statement
• Continuation Lines
The switch Statement
• Notes for the C Programmer
The for Statement
• Looping Over Structure Elements
Functions and Scripts
• Introduction to Function and Script Files
• Defining Functions
• Returning from a Function
• Multiple Return Values
• Variable-length Return Lists
• Variable-length Argument Lists
• Ignoring Arguments
• Default Arguments
• Validating Arguments
• Function Files
• Script Files
• Function Handles and Anonymous Functions
• Command Syntax and Function Syntax
• Organization of Functions
Validating Arguments
• Validating the number of Arguments
• Validating the type of Arguments
• Parsing Arguments
Function Files
• Manipulating the Load Path
• Subfunctions
• Private Functions
• Nested Functions
• Overloading and Autoloading
• Function Locking
• Function Precedence
Script Files
• Publish Octave Script Files
• Publishing Markup
Publishing Markup
• Using Publishing Markup in Script Files
• Text Formatting
• Sections
• Preformatted Code
• Preformatted Text
• Bulleted Lists
• Numbered Lists
• Including File Content
• Including Graphics
• Including URLs
• Mathematical Equations
• HTML Markup
• LaTeX Markup
Function Handles and Anonymous Functions
• Function Handles
• Anonymous Functions
Errors and Warnings
• Handling Errors
• Handling Warnings
Handling Errors
• Raising Errors
• Catching Errors
• Recovering From Errors
Handling Warnings
• Issuing Warnings
• Enabling and Disabling Warnings
Debugging
• Entering Debug Mode
• Leaving Debug Mode
• Breakpoints
• Debug Mode
• Call Stack
• Profiling
• Profiler Example
Input and Output
• Basic Input and Output
• C-Style I/O Functions
Basic Input and Output
• Terminal Output
• Terminal Input
• Simple File I/O
Terminal Output
• Paging Screen Output
Simple File I/O
• Saving Data on Unexpected Exits
C-Style I/O Functions
• Opening and Closing Files
• Simple Output
• Line-Oriented Input
• Formatted Output
• Output Conversion for Matrices
• Output Conversion Syntax
• Table of Output Conversions
• Integer Conversions
• Floating-Point Conversions
• Other Output Conversions
• Formatted Input
• Input Conversion Syntax
• Table of Input Conversions
• Numeric Input Conversions
• String Input Conversions
• Binary I/O
• Temporary Files
• EOF and Errors
• File Positioning
Plotting
• Introduction to Plotting
• High-Level Plotting
• Graphics Data Structures
• Advanced Plotting
High-Level Plotting
• Two-Dimensional Plots
• Three-Dimensional Plots
• Plot Annotations
• Multiple Plots on One Page
• Multiple Plot Windows
• Manipulation of Plot Objects
• Manipulation of Plot Windows
• Use of the `interpreter` Property
• Printing and Saving Plots
• Interacting with Plots
• Test Plotting Functions
Two-Dimensional Plots
• Axis Configuration
• Two-dimensional Function Plotting
• Two-dimensional Geometric Shapes
Three-Dimensional Plots
• Aspect Ratio
• Three-dimensional Function Plotting
• Three-dimensional Geometric Shapes
Graphics Data Structures
• Introduction to Graphics Structures
• Graphics Objects
• Graphics Object Properties
• Searching Properties
• Managing Default Properties
Graphics Object Properties
• Root Properties
• Figure Properties
• Axes Properties
• Legend Properties
• Line Properties
• Text Properties
• Image Properties
• Patch Properties
• Surface Properties
• Light Properties
• Uimenu Properties
• Uibuttongroup Properties
• Uicontextmenu Properties
• Uipanel Properties
• Uicontrol Properties
• Uitable Properties
• Uitoolbar Properties
• Uipushtool Properties
• Uitoggletool Properties
Advanced Plotting
• Colors
• Line Styles
• Marker Styles
• Callbacks
• Application-defined Data
• Object Groups
• Transform Groups
• Graphics Toolkits
Object Groups
• Data Sources in Object Groups
• Area Series
• Bar Series
• Contour Groups
• Error Bar Series
• Line Series
• Quiver Group
• Scatter Group
• Stair Group
• Stem Series
• Surface Group
Graphics Toolkits
• Customizing Toolkit Behavior
• Hardware vs. Software Rendering
• Precision issues
Matrix Manipulation
• Finding Elements and Checking Conditions
• Rearranging Matrices
• Special Utility Matrices
• Famous Matrices
Arithmetic
• Exponents and Logarithms
• Complex Arithmetic
• Trigonometry
• Sums and Products
• Utility Functions
• Special Functions
• Rational Approximations
• Coordinate Transformations
• Mathematical Constants
Linear Algebra
• Techniques Used for Linear Algebra
• Basic Matrix Functions
• Matrix Factorizations
• Functions of a Matrix
• Specialized Solvers
Vectorization and Faster Code Execution
• Basic Vectorization		Basic techniques for code optimization
• Broadcasting		Broadcasting operations
• Function Application		Applying functions to arrays, cells, and structs
• Accumulation		Accumulation functions
• JIT Compiler		Just-In-Time Compiler for loops
• Miscellaneous Techniques		Other techniques for speeding up code
• Examples
Nonlinear Equations
• Solvers
• Minimizers
Diagonal and Permutation Matrices
• Basic Usage		Creation and Manipulation of Diagonal/Permutation Matrices
• Matrix Algebra		Linear Algebra with Diagonal/Permutation Matrices
• Function Support		Functions That Are Aware of These Matrices
• Example Code		Examples of Usage
• Zeros Treatment		Differences in Treatment of Zero Elements
Basic Usage
• Creating Diagonal Matrices
• Creating Permutation Matrices
• Explicit and Implicit Conversions
Matrix Algebra
• Expressions Involving Diagonal Matrices
• Expressions Involving Permutation Matrices
Function Support
• Diagonal Matrix Functions
• Permutation Matrix Functions
Sparse Matrices
• Basics		Creation and Manipulation of Sparse Matrices
• Sparse Linear Algebra		Linear Algebra on Sparse Matrices
• Iterative Techniques		Iterative Techniques
• Real Life Example		Using Sparse Matrices
Basics
• Storage of Sparse Matrices
• Creating Sparse Matrices
• Information
• Operators and Functions
Operators and Functions
• Sparse Functions
• Return Types of Operators and Functions
• Mathematical Considerations
Numerical Integration
• Functions of One Variable
• Orthogonal Collocation
• Functions of Multiple Variables
Differential Equations
• Ordinary Differential Equations
• Differential-Algebraic Equations
Ordinary Differential Equations
• Matlab-compatible solvers
Optimization
• Linear Programming
• Quadratic Programming
• Nonlinear Programming
• Linear Least Squares
Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Statistics on Sliding Windows of Data
• Basic Statistical Functions
• Correlation and Regression Analysis
• Distributions
• Random Number Generation
Sets
• Set Operations
Polynomial Manipulations
• Evaluating Polynomials
• Finding Roots
• Products of Polynomials
• Derivatives / Integrals / Transforms
• Polynomial Interpolation
• Miscellaneous Functions
Interpolation
• One-dimensional Interpolation
• Multi-dimensional Interpolation
Geometry
• Delaunay Triangulation
• Voronoi Diagrams
• Convex Hull
• Interpolation on Scattered Data
• Vector Rotation Matrices
Delaunay Triangulation
• Plotting the Triangulation
• Identifying Points in Triangulation
Image Processing
• Loading and Saving Images
• Displaying Images
• Representing Images
• Plotting on top of Images
• Color Conversion
Audio Processing
• Audio File Utilities
• Audio Device Information
• Audio Player
• Audio Recorder
• Audio Data Processing
Audio Player
• Playback
• Player Properties
Audio Recorder
• Recording
• Data Retrieval
• Recorder Properties
Object Oriented Programming
• Creating a Class
• Class Methods
• Indexing Objects
• Overloading Objects
• Inheritance and Aggregation
• classdef Classes
Indexing Objects
• Defining Indexing And Indexed Assignment
• Indexed Assignment Optimization
Overloading Objects
• Function Overloading
• Operator Overloading
• Precedence of Objects
classdef Classes
• Creating a classdef Class
• Properties
• Methods
• Inheritance
• Value Classes vs. Handle Classes
GUI Development
• I/O Dialogs
• Progress Bar
• UI Elements
• GUI Utility Functions
• User-Defined Preferences
• Octave Workspace Windows
System Utilities
• Timing Utilities
• Filesystem Utilities
• File Archiving Utilities
• Networking Utilities
• Controlling Subprocesses
• Process ID Information
• Environment Variables
• Current Working Directory
• Password Database Functions
• Group Database Functions
• System Information
• Hashing Functions
Networking Utilities
• FTP Objects
• WWW Access
• Base64 and Binary Data Transmission
Packages
• Installing and Removing Packages
• Using Packages
• Administrating Packages
• Creating Packages
Creating Packages
• The DESCRIPTION File
• The INDEX File
• PKG_ADD and PKG_DEL Directives
• Missing Components
External Code Interface
• Oct-Files
• Mex-Files
• Standalone Programs
• Java Interface
Oct-Files
• Getting Started with Oct-Files
• Matrices and Arrays in Oct-Files
• Character Strings in Oct-Files
• Cell Arrays in Oct-Files
• Structures in Oct-Files
• Sparse Matrices in Oct-Files
• Accessing Global Variables in Oct-Files
• Calling Octave Functions from Oct-Files
• Calling External Code from Oct-Files
• Allocating Local Memory in Oct-Files
• Input Parameter Checking in Oct-Files
• Exception and Error Handling in Oct-Files
• Documentation and Testing of Oct-Files
Sparse Matrices in Oct-Files
• Array and Sparse Class Differences
• Creating Sparse Matrices in Oct-Files
• Using Sparse Matrices in Oct-Files
Mex-Files
• Getting Started with Mex-Files
• Working with Matrices and Arrays in Mex-Files
• Character Strings in Mex-Files
• Cell Arrays with Mex-Files
• Structures with Mex-Files
• Sparse Matrices with Mex-Files
• Calling Other Functions in Mex-Files
Java Interface
• Making Java Classes Available
• How to use Java from within Octave
• Set up the JVM
• Java Interface Functions
Test and Demo Functions
• Test Functions
• Demonstration Functions
Trouble
• Actual Bugs		Bugs we will fix later.
• Reporting Bugs
• How To Get Help with Octave
• How to Distinguish Between Octave and Matlab
Reporting Bugs
• Bug Criteria
• Bug Tracker		Where to submit your bug report.
• Bug Reporting		How to report a bug effectively.
• Sending Patches		How to send a patch for Octave.
Installation
• Build Dependencies
• Running Configure and Make
• Compiling Octave with 64-bit Indexing
• Installation Problems
Build Dependencies
• Obtaining the Dependencies Automatically
• Build Tools
• External Packages
Grammar and Parser
• Keywords
• Parser

GNU Octave (version 6.3.0)

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