oct-inttypes.h

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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Octave Project Developers
//
// See the file COPYRIGHT.md in the top-level directory of this
// distribution or <https://octave.org/copyright/>.
//
// This file is part of Octave.
//
// Octave is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
// under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
// WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not, see
// <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
#if ! defined (octave_oct_inttypes_h)
#define octave_oct_inttypes_h 1
 
#include "octave-config.h"
 
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
 
#include <iosfwd>
#include <limits>
 
#include "lo-mappers.h"
#include "lo-traits.h"
#include "oct-inttypes-fwd.h"
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_INT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
 
OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(octave)
 
OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(math)
 
inline long double round (long double x)
{
  return std::roundl (x);
}
 
inline long double isnan (long double x)
{
  return isnan (static_cast<double> (x));
}
 
OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(math)
OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(octave)
 
#endif
 
// FIXME: we define this by our own because some compilers, such as
// MSVC, do not provide std::abs (int64_t) and std::abs (uint64_t).  In
// the future, it should go away in favor of std::abs.
 
template <typename T>
inline T
octave_int_abs (T x)
{
  return (x >= 0 ? x : -x);
}
 
// Query for an integer type of certain sizeof, and signedness.
 
template <int qsize, bool qsigned>
struct query_integer_type
{
public:
 
  static const bool registered = false;
 
  // Void shall result in a compile-time error if we attempt to use it
  // in computations.
 
  typedef void type;
};
 
#define OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE(TYPE)                                  \
  template <>                                                           \
  class query_integer_type<sizeof (TYPE),                               \
                           std::numeric_limits<TYPE>::is_signed>        \
  {                                                                     \
  public:                                                               \
                                                                        \
    static const bool registered = true;                                \
                                                                        \
    typedef TYPE type;                                                  \
  }
 
// No two registered integers can share sizeof and signedness.
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (int8_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (uint8_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (int16_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (uint16_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (int32_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (uint32_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (int64_t);
OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE (uint64_t);
 
#undef OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_TYPE
 
// Handles non-homogeneous integer comparisons.  Avoids doing useless tests.
 
class octave_int_cmp_op
{
  // This determines a suitable promotion type for T1 when meeting T2
  // in a binary relation.  If promotion to int or T2 is safe, it is
  // used.  Otherwise, the signedness of T1 is preserved and it is
  // widened if T2 is wider.  Notice that if this is applied to both
  // types, they must end up with equal size.
 
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  class prom
  {
    // Promote to int?
    static constexpr bool s_pint = (sizeof (T1) < sizeof (int)
                                    && sizeof (T2) < sizeof (int));
 
    static constexpr bool s_t1sig = std::numeric_limits<T1>::is_signed;
    static constexpr bool s_t2sig = std::numeric_limits<T2>::is_signed;
 
    static constexpr bool s_psig
      = (s_pint || (sizeof (T2) > sizeof (T1) && s_t2sig) || s_t1sig);
 
    static constexpr int s_psize
      = (s_pint
         ? sizeof (int)
         : (sizeof (T2) > sizeof (T1) ? sizeof (T2) : sizeof (T1)));
  public:
 
    typedef typename query_integer_type<s_psize, s_psig>::type type;
  };
 
  // Implements comparisons between two types of equal size but
  // possibly different signedness.
 
  template <typename xop, int size>
  class uiop
  {
    typedef typename query_integer_type<size, false>::type utype;
    typedef typename query_integer_type<size, true>::type stype;
 
  public:
 
    static bool op (utype x, utype y)
    {
      return xop::op (x, y);
    }
 
    static bool op (stype x, stype y)
    {
      return xop::op (x, y);
    }
 
    static bool op (stype x, utype y)
    {
      return (x < 0) ? xop::ltval : xop::op (static_cast<utype> (x), y);
    }
 
    static bool op (utype x, stype y)
    {
      return (y < 0) ? xop::gtval : xop::op (x, static_cast<utype> (y));
    }
  };
 
public:
 
  // Rationale: Comparators have a single static method, rel(), that
  // returns the result of the binary relation.  They also have two
  // static boolean fields: ltval, gtval determine the value of x OP y
  // if x < y, x > y, respectively.
 
#define OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP(NM, OP)              \
  class NM                                              \
  {                                                     \
  public:                                               \
                                                        \
    static constexpr bool ltval = (0 OP 1);             \
    static constexpr bool gtval = (1 OP 0);             \
                                                        \
    template <typename T>                               \
    static bool op (T x, T y) { return x OP y; }        \
  }
 
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP (lt, <);
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP (le, <=);
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP (gt, >);
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP (ge, >=);
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP (eq, ==);
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP (ne, !=);
 
#undef OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CMP_OP
 
  // We also provide two special relations: ct, yielding always true,
  // and cf, yielding always false.
 
#define OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CONST_OP(NM, VALUE) \
  class NM                                      \
  {                                             \
  public:                                       \
                                                \
    static constexpr bool ltval = VALUE;        \
    static constexpr bool gtval = VALUE;        \
                                                \
    template <typename T>                       \
      static bool op (T, T) { return VALUE; }   \
  }
 
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CONST_OP (ct, true);
  OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CONST_OP (cf, false);
 
#undef OCTAVE_REGISTER_INT_CONST_OP
 
  // Universal comparison operation.
 
  template <typename xop, typename T1, typename T2>
  static bool
  op (T1 x, T2 y)
  {
    typedef typename prom<T1, T2>::type PT1;
    typedef typename prom<T2, T1>::type PT2;
 
    return uiop<xop, sizeof (PT1)>::op (static_cast<PT1> (x),
                                        static_cast<PT2> (y));
  }
 
public:
 
  // Mixed comparisons.
 
  template <typename xop, typename T>
  static bool mop (T x, double y)
  {
    return xop::op (static_cast<double> (x), y);
  }
 
  template <typename xop, typename T>
  static bool mop (double x, T y)
  {
    return xop::op (x, static_cast<double> (y));
  }
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
 
#  define OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OPS(T)    \
  template <typename xop>                                       \
  static OCTAVE_API bool external_mop (double, T);              \
                                                                \
  template <typename xop>                                       \
  static OCTAVE_API bool external_mop (T, double)
 
  OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OPS (int64_t);
  OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OPS (uint64_t);
 
#endif
 
  // Typecasting to doubles won't work properly for 64-bit integers --
  // they lose precision.  If we have long doubles, use them...
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_INT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
 
#  if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
 
#    define OCTAVE_DEFINE_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OP(T)     \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static bool mop (double x, T y)                       \
  {                                                     \
    return external_mop<xop> (x, y);                    \
  }                                                     \
                                                        \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static bool mop (T x, double y)                       \
  {                                                     \
    return external_mop<xop> (x, y);                    \
  }
 
#  else
 
#    define OCTAVE_DEFINE_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OP(T)     \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static bool mop (double x, T y)                       \
  {                                                     \
    return xop::op (static_cast<long double> (x),       \
                    static_cast<long double> (y));      \
  }                                                     \
                                                        \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static bool mop (T x, double y)                       \
  {                                                     \
    return xop::op (static_cast<long double> (x),       \
                    static_cast<long double> (y));      \
  }
 
#  endif
 
#else
 
  // ... otherwise, use external handlers
 
  // FIXME: We could declare directly the mop methods as external, but
  // we can't do this because bugs in gcc (<= 4.3) prevent explicit
  // instantiations later in that case.
 
#  define OCTAVE_DEFINE_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OP(T)       \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static OCTAVE_API bool emulate_mop (double, T);       \
                                                        \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static bool mop (double x, T y)                       \
  {                                                     \
    return emulate_mop<xop> (x, y);                     \
  }                                                     \
                                                        \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static OCTAVE_API bool emulate_mop (T, double);       \
                                                        \
  template <typename xop>                               \
  static bool mop (T x, double y)                       \
  {                                                     \
    return emulate_mop<xop> (x, y);                     \
  }
 
#endif
 
  OCTAVE_DEFINE_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OP (int64_t)
  OCTAVE_DEFINE_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OP (uint64_t)
 
#undef OCTAVE_DEFINE_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_CMP_OP
};
 
// Base integer class.  No data, just conversion methods and exception
// flags.
 
template <typename T>
class octave_int_base
{
public:
 
  static T min_val () { return std::numeric_limits<T>::min (); }
  static T max_val () { return std::numeric_limits<T>::max (); }
 
  // Convert integer value.
 
  template <typename S>
  static T truncate_int (const S& value)
  {
    // An exhaustive test whether the max and/or min check can be
    // omitted.
 
    static constexpr bool t_is_signed = std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed;
    static constexpr bool s_is_signed = std::numeric_limits<S>::is_signed;
 
    static constexpr int t_size = sizeof (T);
    static constexpr int s_size = sizeof (S);
 
    static constexpr bool omit_chk_min
      = (! s_is_signed || (t_is_signed && t_size >= s_size));
 
    static constexpr bool omit_chk_max
      = (t_size > s_size
         || (t_size == s_size && (! t_is_signed || s_is_signed)));
 
    // If the check can be omitted, substitute constant false
    // relation.
 
    typedef octave_int_cmp_op::cf cf;
    typedef octave_int_cmp_op::lt lt;
    typedef octave_int_cmp_op::gt gt;
    typedef typename if_then_else<omit_chk_min, cf, lt>::result chk_min;
    typedef typename if_then_else<omit_chk_max, cf, gt>::result chk_max;
 
    // Efficiency of the following depends on inlining and dead code
    // elimination, but that should be a piece of cake for most
    // compilers.
 
    if (chk_min::op (value, static_cast<S> (min_val ())))
      return min_val ();
    else if (chk_max::op (value, static_cast<S> (max_val ())))
      return max_val ();
    else
      return static_cast<T> (value);
  }
 
private:
 
  // Compute a real-valued threshold for a max/min check.
 
  template <typename S>
  static S compute_threshold (S val, T orig_val)
  {
    // Fool optimizations (maybe redundant).
 
    val = octave::math::round (val);
 
    // If val is even, but orig_val is odd, we're one unit off.
 
    if (orig_val % 2 && val / 2 == octave::math::round (val / 2))
      // FIXME: is this always correct?
      val *= (static_cast<S> (1) - (std::numeric_limits<S>::epsilon () / 2));
 
    return val;
  }
 
public:
 
  // Convert a real number (check NaN and non-int).
 
  template <typename S>
  static OCTAVE_API T convert_real (const S& value);
};
 
// Saturated (homogeneous) integer arithmetics.  The signed and
// unsigned implementations are significantly different, so we
// implement another layer and completely specialize.  Arithmetics
// inherits from octave_int_base so that it can use its exceptions and
// truncation functions.
 
template <typename T, bool is_signed>
class octave_int_arith_base
{ };
 
// Unsigned arithmetics.  C++ standard requires it to be modular, so
// the overflows can be handled efficiently and reliably.
 
template <typename T>
class octave_int_arith_base<T, false> : octave_int_base<T>
{
public:
 
  static T abs (T x) { return x; }
 
  static T signum (T x) { return x ? static_cast<T> (1) : static_cast<T> (0); }
 
  // Shifts do not overflow.
 
  static T rshift (T x, int n) { return x >> n; }
 
  static T lshift (T x, int n) { return x << n; }
 
  static T minus (T) { return static_cast<T> (0); }
 
  // The overflow behavior for unsigned integers is guaranteed by
  // C and C++, so the following should always work.
 
  static T add (T x, T y)
  {
    T u = x + y;
 
    if (u < x)
      u = octave_int_base<T>::max_val ();
 
    return u;
  }
 
  static T sub (T x, T y)
  {
    T u = x - y;
 
    if (u > x)
      u = 0;
 
    return u;
  }
 
  // Multiplication is done using promotion to wider integer type.  If
  // there is no suitable promotion type, this operation *MUST* be
  // specialized.
 
  static T mul (T x, T y) { return mul_internal (x, y); }
 
  static T mul_internal (T x, T y)
  {
    // Promotion type for multiplication (if exists).
 
    typedef typename query_integer_type<2* sizeof (T), false>::type mptype;
 
    return octave_int_base<T>::truncate_int (static_cast<mptype> (x)
           * static_cast<mptype> (y));
  }
 
  // Division with rounding to nearest.  Note that / and % are
  // probably computed by a single instruction.
 
  static T div (T x, T y)
  {
    if (y != 0)
      {
        T z = x / y;
        T w = x % y;
 
        if (w >= y-w)
          z += 1;
 
        return z;
      }
    else
      return x ? octave_int_base<T>::max_val () : 0;
  }
 
  // Remainder.
 
  static T rem (T x, T y) { return y != 0 ? x % y : 0; }
 
  // Modulus.  Note the weird y = 0 case for Matlab compatibility.
 
  static T mod (T x, T y) { return y != 0 ? x % y : x; }
};
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_INT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
 
// Handle 64-bit multiply using long double.
 
#  if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
 
extern OCTAVE_API uint64_t
octave_external_uint64_uint64_mul (uint64_t, uint64_t);
 
#  endif
 
template <>
inline uint64_t
octave_int_arith_base<uint64_t, false>::mul_internal (uint64_t x, uint64_t y)
{
  uint64_t retval;
 
  long double p = static_cast<long double> (x) * static_cast<long double> (y);
 
  if (p > static_cast<long double> (octave_int_base<uint64_t>::max_val ()))
    retval = octave_int_base<uint64_t>::max_val ();
  else
    retval = static_cast<uint64_t> (p);
 
  return retval;
}
 
template <>
inline uint64_t
octave_int_arith_base<uint64_t, false>::mul (uint64_t x, uint64_t y)
{
#  if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
  return octave_external_uint64_uint64_mul (x, y);
#  else
  return mul_internal (x, y);
#  endif
}
 
#else
 
// Special handler for 64-bit integer multiply.
 
template <>
OCTAVE_API uint64_t
octave_int_arith_base<uint64_t, false>::mul_internal (uint64_t, uint64_t);
 
#endif
 
template <typename T>
class octave_int_arith_base<T, true> : octave_int_base<T>
{
  // The corresponding unsigned type.
  typedef typename query_integer_type<sizeof (T), false>::type UT;
 
public:
 
  // Returns 1 for negative number, 0 otherwise.
 
  static T __signbit (T x) { return (x < 0) ? 1 : 0; }
 
  static T abs (T x)
  {
    // -INT_MAX is safe because C++ actually allows only three
    // implementations of integers: sign & magnitude, ones complement
    // and twos complement.  The first test will, with modest
    // optimizations, evaluate at compile time, and maybe eliminate
    // the branch completely.
 
    return ((octave_int_base<T>::min_val () < -octave_int_base<T>::max_val ()
             && x == octave_int_base<T>::min_val ())
            ? octave_int_base<T>::max_val ()
            : ((x < 0) ? -x : x));
  }
 
  static T signum (T x)
  {
    // With modest optimizations, this will compile without a jump.
 
    return ((x > 0) ? 1 : 0) - __signbit (x);
  }
 
  // FIXME: we do not have an authority what signed shifts should
  // exactly do, so we define them the easy way.  Note that Matlab
  // does not define signed shifts.
 
  static T rshift (T x, int n) { return x >> n; }
 
  static T lshift (T x, int n) { return x << n; }
 
  // Minus has problems similar to abs.
 
  static T minus (T x)
  {
    return ((octave_int_base<T>::min_val () < -octave_int_base<T>::max_val ()
             && x == octave_int_base<T>::min_val ())
            ? octave_int_base<T>::max_val ()
            : -x);
  }
 
  static T add (T x, T y)
  {
    // Avoid anything that may overflow.
 
    return (y < 0
            ? (x < octave_int_base<T>::min_val () - y
               ? octave_int_base<T>::min_val ()
               : x + y)
            : (x > octave_int_base<T>::max_val () - y
               ? octave_int_base<T>::max_val ()
               : x + y));
  }
 
  static T sub (T x, T y)
  {
    // Avoid anything that may overflow.
 
    return (y < 0
            ? (x > octave_int_base<T>::max_val () + y
               ? octave_int_base<T>::max_val ()
               : x - y)
            : (x < octave_int_base<T>::min_val () + y
               ? octave_int_base<T>::min_val ()
               : x - y));
  }
 
  // Multiplication is done using promotion to wider integer type.  If
  // there is no suitable promotion type, this operation *MUST* be
  // specialized.
 
  static T mul (T x, T y) { return mul_internal (x, y); }
 
  static T mul_internal (T x, T y)
  {
    // Promotion type for multiplication (if exists).
 
    typedef typename query_integer_type<2* sizeof (T), true>::type mptype;
 
    return octave_int_base<T>::truncate_int (static_cast<mptype> (x)
           * static_cast<mptype> (y));
  }
 
  // Division.
 
  static T div (T x, T y)
  {
    T z;
 
    if (y == 0)
      {
        if (x < 0)
          z = octave_int_base<T>::min_val ();
        else if (x != 0)
          z = octave_int_base<T>::max_val ();
        else
          z = 0;
      }
    else if (y < 0)
      {
        // This is a special case that overflows as well.
        if (y == -1 && x == octave_int_base<T>::min_val ())
          z = octave_int_base<T>::max_val ();
        else
          {
            z = x / y;
            // Can't overflow, but std::abs (x) can!
            T w = -octave_int_abs (x % y);
            if (w <= y - w)
              z -= 1 - (__signbit (x) << 1);
          }
      }
    else
      {
        z = x / y;
 
        // FIXME: this is a workaround due to MSVC's absence of
        // std::abs (int64_t).  The call to octave_int_abs can't
        // overflow, but std::abs (x) can!
        T w = octave_int_abs (x % y);
 
        if (w >= y - w)
          z += 1 - (__signbit (x) << 1);
      }
    return z;
  }
 
  // Remainder.
 
  static T rem (T x, T y)
  {
    return y != 0 ? x % y : 0;
  }
 
  // Modulus.  Note the weird y = 0 case for Matlab compatibility.
 
  static T mod (T x, T y)
  {
    if (y != 0)
      {
        T r = x % y;
        return (r == 0) ? 0 : (((r < 0) != (y < 0)) ? r + y : r);
      }
    else
      return x;
  }
};
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_INT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
 
// Handle 64-bit multiply using long double
 
#  if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
 
extern OCTAVE_API int64_t
octave_external_int64_int64_mul (int64_t, int64_t);
 
#  endif
 
template <>
inline int64_t
octave_int_arith_base<int64_t, true>::mul_internal (int64_t x, int64_t y)
{
  int64_t retval;
 
  long double p = static_cast<long double> (x) * static_cast<long double> (y);
 
  if (p > static_cast<long double> (octave_int_base<int64_t>::max_val ()))
    retval = octave_int_base<int64_t>::max_val ();
  else if (p < static_cast<long double> (octave_int_base<int64_t>::min_val ()))
    retval = octave_int_base<int64_t>::min_val ();
  else
    retval = static_cast<int64_t> (p);
 
  return retval;
}
 
template <>
inline int64_t
octave_int_arith_base<int64_t, true>::mul (int64_t x, int64_t y)
{
#  if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
  return octave_external_int64_int64_mul (x, y);
#  else
  return mul_internal (x, y);
#  endif
}
 
#else
 
// Special handler for 64-bit integer multiply.
 
template <>
OCTAVE_API int64_t
octave_int_arith_base<int64_t, true>::mul_internal (int64_t, int64_t);
 
#endif
 
// This class simply selects the proper arithmetics.
template <typename T>
class octave_int_arith
  : public octave_int_arith_base<T, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>
{ };
 
template <typename T>
class OCTAVE_TEMPLATE_API octave_int : public octave_int_base<T>
{
public:
 
  typedef T val_type;
 
  octave_int () : m_ival () { }
 
  octave_int (T i) : m_ival (i) { }
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_HAVE_OVERLOAD_CHAR_INT8_TYPES)
 
  // Always treat characters as unsigned.
  octave_int (char c)
    : m_ival (octave_int_base<T>::truncate_int (static_cast<unsigned char> (c)))
  { }
 
#endif
 
  octave_int (double d)
    : m_ival (octave_int_base<T>::convert_real (d)) { }
 
  octave_int (float d)
    : m_ival (octave_int_base<T>::convert_real (d)) { }
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_INT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
 
  octave_int (long double d)
    : m_ival (octave_int_base<T>::convert_real (d)) { }
 
#endif
 
  octave_int (bool b) : m_ival (b) { }
 
  template <typename U>
  octave_int (const U& i)
    : m_ival(octave_int_base<T>::truncate_int (i)) { }
 
  template <typename U>
  octave_int (const octave_int<U>& i)
    : m_ival (octave_int_base<T>::truncate_int (i.value ())) { }
 
  octave_int (const octave_int<T>&) = default;
 
  octave_int& operator = (const octave_int<T>&) = default;
 
  ~octave_int () = default;
 
  T value () const { return m_ival; }
 
  const unsigned char * iptr () const
  {
    return reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *> (& m_ival);
  }
 
  bool operator ! () const { return ! m_ival; }
 
  bool bool_value () const { return static_cast<bool> (value ()); }
 
  char char_value () const { return static_cast<char> (value ()); }
 
  double double_value () const { return static_cast<double> (value ()); }
 
  float float_value () const { return static_cast<float> (value ()); }
 
  operator T () const { return value (); }
 
  octave_int<T> operator + () const { return *this; }
 
  // unary operators & mappers
#define OCTAVE_INT_UN_OP(OPNAME, NAME)          \
  inline octave_int<T>                          \
  OPNAME () const                               \
  {                                             \
    return octave_int_arith<T>::NAME (m_ival);  \
  }
 
  OCTAVE_INT_UN_OP (operator -, minus)
  OCTAVE_INT_UN_OP (abs, abs)
  OCTAVE_INT_UN_OP (signum, signum)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_UN_OP
 
  octave_int<T> operator ~ () const
  {
    T bitinv = ~ m_ival;
    return bitinv;
  }
 
  // Homogeneous binary integer operations.
#define OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP(OP, NAME, ARGT)               \
  inline octave_int<T>                                  \
  operator OP (const ARGT& y) const                     \
  {                                                     \
    return octave_int_arith<T>::NAME (m_ival, y);       \
  }                                                     \
                                                        \
  inline octave_int<T>&                                 \
  operator OP##= (const ARGT& y)                        \
  {                                                     \
    m_ival = octave_int_arith<T>::NAME (m_ival, y);     \
    return *this;                                       \
  }
 
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (+, add, octave_int<T>)
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (-, sub, octave_int<T>)
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (*, mul, octave_int<T>)
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (/, div, octave_int<T>)
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (%, rem, octave_int<T>)
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (<<, lshift, int)
  OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP (>>, rshift, int)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_BIN_OP
 
  static octave_int<T> min () { return std::numeric_limits<T>::min (); }
  static octave_int<T> max () { return std::numeric_limits<T>::max (); }
 
  static int nbits () { return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits; }
 
  static int byte_size () { return sizeof (T); }
 
  static const OCTAVE_API char * type_name ();
 
  // The following are provided for convenience.
  static const octave_int s_zero, s_one;
 
private:
 
  T m_ival;
};
 
template <typename T>
inline octave_int<T>
rem (const octave_int<T>& x, const octave_int<T>& y)
{
  return octave_int_arith<T>::rem (x.value (), y.value ());
}
 
template <typename T>
inline octave_int<T>
mod (const octave_int<T>& x, const octave_int<T>& y)
{
  return octave_int_arith<T>::mod (x.value (), y.value ());
}
 
// No mixed integer binary operations!
 
OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(octave)
 
OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(math)
 
template <typename T>
bool
isnan (const octave_int<T>&)
{
  return false;
}
 
OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(math)
OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(octave)
 
// FIXME: can/should any of these be inline?
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
pow (const octave_int<T>&, const octave_int<T>&);
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
pow (const double& a, const octave_int<T>& b);
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
pow (const octave_int<T>& a, const double& b);
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
pow (const float& a, const octave_int<T>& b);
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
pow (const octave_int<T>& a, const float& b);
 
// FIXME: Do we really need a differently named single-precision
//        function integer power function here instead of an overloaded
//        one?
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
powf (const float& a, const octave_int<T>& b);
 
template <typename T>
extern OCTAVE_API octave_int<T>
powf (const octave_int<T>& a, const float& b);
 
// Binary relations
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP(OP, NAME)                                     \
  template <typename T1, typename T2>                                   \
  inline bool                                                           \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T1>& x, const octave_int<T2>& y)        \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_int_cmp_op::op<octave_int_cmp_op::NAME, T1, T2> (x.value (), y.value ()); \
  }
 
OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP (<, lt)
OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP (<=, le)
OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP (>, gt)
OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP (>=, ge)
OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP (==, eq)
OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP (!=, ne)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_CMP_OP
 
template <typename T>
inline std::ostream&
operator << (std::ostream& os, const octave_int<T>& ival)
{
  os << ival.value ();
  return os;
}
 
template <typename T>
inline std::istream&
operator >> (std::istream& is, octave_int<T>& ival)
{
  T tmp = 0;
  is >> tmp;
  ival = tmp;
  return is;
}
 
// We need to specialise for char and unsigned char because
// std::operator<< and std::operator>> are overloaded to input and
// output the ASCII character values instead of a representation of
// their numerical value (e.g., os << char(10) outputs a space instead
// of outputting the characters '1' and '0')
 
template <>
inline std::ostream&
operator << (std::ostream& os, const octave_int<int8_t>& ival)
{
  os << static_cast<int> (ival.value ());
 
  return os;
}
 
template <>
inline std::ostream&
operator << (std::ostream& os, const octave_int<uint8_t>& ival)
{
  os << static_cast<unsigned int> (ival.value ());
 
  return os;
}
 
template <>
inline std::istream&
operator >> (std::istream& is, octave_int<int8_t>& ival)
{
  int tmp = 0;
  is >> tmp;
  ival = static_cast<int8_t> (tmp);
 
  return is;
}
 
template <>
inline std::istream&
operator >> (std::istream& is, octave_int<uint8_t>& ival)
{
  unsigned int tmp = 0;
  is >> tmp;
  ival = static_cast<uint8_t> (tmp);
 
  return is;
}
 
// Bitwise operations
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_BITCMP_OP(OP)                                \
  template <typename T>                                         \
  octave_int<T>                                                 \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T>& x, const octave_int<T>& y)  \
  {                                                             \
    return x.value () OP y.value ();                            \
  }
 
OCTAVE_INT_BITCMP_OP (&)
OCTAVE_INT_BITCMP_OP (|)
OCTAVE_INT_BITCMP_OP (^)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_BITCMP_OP
 
// General bit shift.
template <typename T>
octave_int<T>
bitshift (const octave_int<T>& a, int n,
          const octave_int<T>& mask = std::numeric_limits<T>::max ())
{
  if (n > 0)
    return (a << n) & mask;
  else if (n < 0)
    return (a >> -n) & mask;
  else
    return a & mask;
}
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
 
#  define OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OP(T, OP)     \
  extern OCTAVE_API T                                           \
  external_double_ ## T ## _ ## OP (double x, T y);             \
                                                                \
  extern OCTAVE_API T                                           \
  external_ ## T ## _double_ ## OP (T x, double y)
 
#  define OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OPS(T)        \
  OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OP (T, add);          \
  OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OP (T, sub);          \
  OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OP (T, mul);          \
  OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OP (T, div)
 
OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OPS (octave_int64);
OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OPS (octave_uint64);
 
#endif
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP0(OP)                           \
  template <typename T>                                         \
  inline octave_int<T>                                          \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T>& x, const double& y)         \
  {                                                             \
    return octave_int<T> (static_cast<double> (x) OP y);        \
  }                                                             \
                                                                \
  template <typename T>                                         \
  inline octave_int<T>                                          \
  operator OP (const double& x, const octave_int<T>& y)         \
  {                                                             \
    return octave_int<T> (x OP static_cast<double> (y));        \
  }
 
#if defined (OCTAVE_INT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
 
// Handle mixed op using long double.
 
#  if defined (OCTAVE_ENSURE_LONG_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS_ARE_NOT_TRUNCATED)
 
#    define OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP(OP, NAME)                  \
  OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP0(OP)                                 \
                                                                \
  template <>                                                   \
  inline octave_int64                                           \
  operator OP (const double& x, const octave_int64& y)          \
  {                                                             \
    return external_double_octave_int64_ ## NAME (x, y);        \
  }                                                             \
                                                                \
  template <>                                                   \
  inline octave_uint64                                          \
  operator OP (const double& x, const octave_uint64& y)         \
  {                                                             \
    return external_double_octave_uint64_ ## NAME (x, y);       \
  }                                                             \
                                                                \
  template <>                                                   \
  inline octave_int64                                           \
  operator OP (const octave_int64& x, const double& y)          \
  {                                                             \
    return external_octave_int64_double_ ## NAME (x, y);        \
  }                                                             \
                                                                \
  template <>                                                   \
  inline octave_uint64                                          \
  operator OP (const octave_uint64& x, const double& y)         \
  {                                                             \
    return external_octave_uint64_double_ ## NAME (x, y);       \
  }
 
#  else
 
#    define OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP(OP, NAME)                          \
  OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP0(OP)                                         \
                                                                        \
  template <>                                                           \
  inline octave_int64                                                   \
  operator OP (const double& x, const octave_int64& y)                  \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_int64 (x OP static_cast<long double> (y.value ()));   \
  }                                                                     \
                                                                        \
  template <>                                                           \
  inline octave_uint64                                                  \
  operator OP (const double& x, const octave_uint64& y)                 \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_uint64 (x OP static_cast<long double> (y.value ()));  \
  }                                                                     \
                                                                        \
  template <>                                                           \
  inline octave_int64                                                   \
  operator OP (const octave_int64& x, const double& y)                  \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_int64 (static_cast<long double> (x.value ()) OP y);   \
  }                                                                     \
                                                                        \
  template <>                                                           \
  inline octave_uint64                                                  \
  operator OP (const octave_uint64& x, const double& y)                 \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_uint64 (static_cast<long double> (x.value ()) OP y);  \
  }
 
#  endif
 
#else
 
// External handlers.
 
#  define OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP(OP, NAME)            \
  OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP0(OP)                         \
                                                        \
  template <>                                           \
  OCTAVE_API octave_int64                               \
  operator OP (const double&, const octave_int64&);     \
                                                        \
  template <>                                           \
  OCTAVE_API octave_uint64                              \
  operator OP (const double&, const octave_uint64&);    \
                                                        \
  template <>                                           \
  OCTAVE_API octave_int64                               \
  operator OP (const octave_int64&, const double&);     \
                                                        \
  template <>                                           \
  OCTAVE_API octave_uint64                              \
  operator OP (const octave_uint64&, const double&);
 
#endif
 
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP (+, add)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP (-, sub)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP (*, mul)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP (/, div)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP0
#undef OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_BIN_OP
#undef OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OP
#undef OCTAVE_DECLARE_EXTERNAL_LONG_DOUBLE_INT_OPS
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP(OP, NAME)                              \
  template <typename T>                                                 \
  inline bool                                                           \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T>& x, const double& y)                 \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_int_cmp_op::mop<octave_int_cmp_op::NAME> (x.value (), y); \
  }                                                                     \
                                                                        \
  template <typename T>                                                 \
  inline bool                                                           \
  operator OP (const double& x, const octave_int<T>& y)                 \
  {                                                                     \
    return octave_int_cmp_op::mop<octave_int_cmp_op::NAME> (x, y.value ()); \
  }
 
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP (<, lt)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP (<=, le)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP (>=, ge)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP (>, gt)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP (==, eq)
OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP (!=, ne)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_DOUBLE_CMP_OP
 
// Floats are handled by simply converting to doubles.
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_BIN_OP(OP)             \
  template <typename T>                         \
  inline octave_int<T>                          \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T>& x, float y) \
  {                                             \
    return x OP static_cast<double> (y);        \
  }                                             \
                                                \
  template <typename T>                         \
  inline octave_int<T>                          \
  operator OP (float x, const octave_int<T>& y) \
  {                                             \
    return static_cast<double> (x) OP y;        \
  }
 
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_BIN_OP (+)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_BIN_OP (-)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_BIN_OP (*)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_BIN_OP (/)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_BIN_OP
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP(OP) \
  template <typename T>                                 \
  inline bool                                           \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T>& x, const float& y)  \
  {                                                     \
    return x OP static_cast<double> (y);                \
  }                                                     \
                                                        \
  template <typename T>                                 \
  bool                                                  \
  operator OP (const float& x, const octave_int<T>& y)  \
  {                                                     \
    return static_cast<double> (x) OP y;                \
  }
 
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP (<)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP (<=)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP (>=)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP (>)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP (==)
OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP (!=)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_FLOAT_CMP_OP
 
template <typename T>
octave_int<T>
xmax (const octave_int<T>& x, const octave_int<T>& y)
{
  const T xv = x.value ();
  const T yv = y.value ();
 
  return octave_int<T> (xv >= yv ? xv : yv);
}
 
template <typename T>
octave_int<T>
xmin (const octave_int<T>& x, const octave_int<T>& y)
{
  const T xv = x.value ();
  const T yv = y.value ();
 
  return octave_int<T> (xv <= yv ? xv : yv);
}
 
// Ints are handled by converting to octave_int type.
 
#define OCTAVE_INT_IDX_TYPE_BIN_OP(OP)                          \
  template <typename T>                                         \
  inline octave_int<T>                                          \
  operator OP (const octave_int<T>& x, octave_idx_type y)       \
  {                                                             \
    return x OP octave_int<T> (y);                              \
  }                                                             \
                                                                \
  template <typename T>                                         \
  inline octave_int<T>                                          \
  operator OP (octave_idx_type x, const octave_int<T>& y)       \
  {                                                             \
    return octave_int<T> (x) OP y;                              \
  }
 
OCTAVE_INT_IDX_TYPE_BIN_OP (+)
OCTAVE_INT_IDX_TYPE_BIN_OP (-)
OCTAVE_INT_IDX_TYPE_BIN_OP (*)
OCTAVE_INT_IDX_TYPE_BIN_OP (/)
 
#undef OCTAVE_INT_IDX_TYPE_BIN_OP
 
#endif